Educational psychology

Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified in the US and Canada as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. This distinction is however not made in the UK, where the generic term for practitioners is "educational psychologist".
Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks.^[1]

Question: What Is Social Psychology?

Answer:
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).
Social psychology looks at a wide range of social topics, including group behavior, social perception, leadership, nonverbal behavior, conformity, aggression and prejudice. It is important to note that social psychology is not just about looking at social influences. Social perception and social interaction are also vital to understanding social behavior.

Brief History of Social Psychology

While Plato referred to the idea of the "crowd mind" and concepts such as social loafing and social facilitation were introduced in the late-1800s, it wasn't until after World War II that research on social psychology would begin in earnest. The horrors of the Holocaust led researchers to study the effects of social influence, conformity, and obedience.
The U.S. government also became interested in applying social psychological concepts to influencing citizens. Social psychology has continued to grow throughout the twentieth century, inspiring research that has contributed to our understanding of social experience and behavior.

Industrial psychology

Industrial psychology is a relatively new branch of psychology that was created for corporations and organizations that needed more structure. Industrial psychology is able to provide this structure by evaluating employee behavior for the good of the company. It is often referred to as organizational psychology because of its emphasis on analyzing individuals who work for various organizations.
Essentially, industrial psychologists study the behavior of employees in a work setting. Although industrial psychology didn't begin until the 1920's, the discipline has evolved rapidly and revolutionized the workplace within the last century. Because the workplace is a social system, the application of industrial psychology is useful in understanding its complexity.

For years, psychologists have studied how human beings have interacted with their environments and each other, but industrial psychology begins to evaluate the interaction between people and their jobs. Industrial psychologists can be used to improve job satisfaction as well as company productivity and is becoming vital to the success of many organizations.
There are certain things that industrial psychologists focus on when evaluating the relationship a person has with their work. They analyze the way a person works, their skills, duties, obligations, and general satisfaction with their job on a day-to-day basis. This information is extremely helpful to human resources departments and company overseers who must create training programs, feedback and rewards systems, and make hiring decisions as well as engage in recruitment practices. Most companies use industrial psychologists to train their own staff so that the organizations can run smoothly and at peak capacity.
One of the most interesting aspects of industrial psychology is how employee behavior affects others individuals on the job and organization in general. Industrial psychology can be used to reduce counterproductive behavior, enhance team effectiveness, and boost morale. It is also vital in conflict resolution. Many individuals find the brunt of their work dissatisfaction rooted in their relationships with managers and colleagues. Fortunately, industrial psychology provides solutions for this.
Although industrial psychology is a mixture of anthropology, counseling, sociology and industrial management, there are key components used in this type of psychology. Some of the key components include the evaluation of employee's personalities, perceptions, as well the biological side of their behavior. By documenting these key points, industrial psychologists have the ability to help organizations improve their functionality and set up a system that promotes growth for the company and employees. 

artinya apaan ya kata2 diatas?
:p


ini yg versi bahasa kita ttg psikologi industri, mencomot dari website nya seseorang.


yuk sama2 kita pelajari bareng2 


psikologi industri adalah ilmu yang mempelajari manusia dan segi2 kejiwaan dalam konteks kerja di industri atau perusahaan secara sistematis dan ilmiah


LATAR BELAKANG 

liat sendiri aja ya di link ini:http://www.scribd.com/doc/8002417/Psikologi-Industri

Developmental Psychology

What is Developmental Psychology?

Developmental psychology is a field within psychology that is concerned with describing and understanding how individuals grow and change over their lifetimes. Development is a life-span phenomenon in that it begins with conception and continues all throughout life. The scope of these articles and pages on the Developmental Psychology site at Suite101 will cover the broad spectrum of developmental issues that arise over the life span, with particular attention to childhood and adolescence.
Development entails many changes. Most obviously, as children grow, they change physically. But development encompasses more than physical growth. It includes cognitive development as well. The ways in which children perceive and think about the world changes with development. Our emotions develop too. With emotional development, children broaden their capacity to feel complex emotions such as embarrassment, guilt, or pride.
Children's understanding of emotion also changes. They learn new ways of expressing their emotions, and become better able to identity others' emotional expressions. A fourth area of growth is in social development, which involves changes in how children understand friendship and sharing, and how they interact with others.
Each of these domains of development (physical, cognitive, emotional, and social) interact with one another, influencing one another. For example, cognitive advancements may make other types of development possible. As our minds and thought capacities develop, it becomes possible to experience more complex emotions, and we begin to understand social relationships in a more intricate fashion. Social developments such as the capacity to share and cooperate have implications for emotional development because through forming friendships children learn how to care for others and empathize with them.
Physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development all interact with one another in that development in one area has implications for the others. Textbooks and college courses often describe the different domains of child development separately, perhaps discussing physical development one week and cognitive development the next. However, when considering a particular child, we must consider all areas of development simultaneously.
An important theme of developmental psychology can be seen throughout the articles and links on these pages: the individual and environment interact reciprocally to produce development. What this means is that characteristics within the individual have the potential to influence the environment around him or her. For example, an infant with a difficult temperament may cry easily and may be a challenge to comfort.
Conversely, an infant with an easy temperament may smile and laugh readily, and need little comforting. These behaviors potentially can influence the infant's environment in that parents may become exasperated at his or her behavior, may be more likely to ignore the infant, or may provide the infant with additional attention and play time.

hehe, yg artinya kira2 begini

psikologi perkembangan adalah bidang dalam psikologi yang berkaitan dengan mendeskripsikan dan memahami bagaimana individu tumbuh dan berubah selama hidup mereka. Perkembangan adalah sebuah fenomena kehidupan-bentang dalam yang dimulai dengan pembuahan, dan berlanjut sepanjang hidup semua. Ruang lingkup artikel ini dan halaman di situs Developmental Psikologi di Suite101 akan mencakup spektrum yang luas dari isu-isu pembangunan yang timbul selama masa hidup, dengan perhatian khusus pada masa kanak-kanak dan remaja.Pembangunan memerlukan banyak perubahan. Paling jelas, sebagai anak-anak tumbuh, mereka mengubah secara fisik. Tapi pengembangan meliputi lebih dari pertumbuhan fisik. Ini termasuk pengembangan kognitif juga. Cara-cara di mana anak-anak memahami dan berpikir tentang perubahan dunia dengan pembangunan. Emosi kita berkembang juga. Dengan perkembangan emosional, anak-anak memperluas kapasitas mereka untuk merasakan emosi yang kompleks seperti rasa malu, rasa bersalah, atau kebanggaan.Anak-anak memahami emosi juga berubah. Mereka belajar cara-cara baru untuk mengekspresikan emosi mereka, dan menjadi lebih mampu ekspresi emosional identitas orang lain. Sebuah wilayah keempat pertumbuhan dalam pembangunan sosial, yang melibatkan perubahan dalam cara anak-anak memahami persahabatan dan berbagi, dan bagaimana mereka berinteraksi dengan orang lain.Masing-masing domain pembangunan (fisik, kognitif, emosional, dan sosial) berinteraksi dengan satu sama lain, mempengaruhi satu sama lain. Sebagai contoh, kemajuan kognitif dapat membuat jenis pembangunan lainnya mungkin. Sebagaimana pikiran kita dan mengembangkan kapasitas berpikir, menjadi mungkin untuk mengalami emosi yang lebih kompleks, dan kita mulai memahami hubungan sosial dengan cara yang lebih rumit. perkembangan sosial seperti kapasitas untuk berbagi dan bekerja sama memiliki implikasi untuk pengembangan emosional karena melalui pembentukan persahabatan anak-anak belajar bagaimana untuk merawat orang lain dan berempati dengan mereka.Fisik, kognitif, emosional, dan pengembangan sosial semua berinteraksi satu sama lain dalam pembangunan yang di satu daerah memiliki implikasi untuk orang lain. Buku pelajaran dan program perguruan tinggi seringkali menggambarkan domain yang berbeda perkembangan anak secara terpisah, mungkin mendiskusikan pembangunan fisik satu minggu dan perkembangan kognitif berikutnya. Namun, ketika mempertimbangkan anak tertentu, kita harus mempertimbangkan semua bidang pembangunan secara simultan.Sebuah tema penting dari psikologi perkembangan dapat dilihat di seluruh artikel dan link pada halaman ini: individu dan lingkungan saling berinteraksi untuk menghasilkan pembangunan. Apakah ini berarti bahwa karakteristik dalam individu memiliki potensi untuk mempengaruhi lingkungan di sekitar dia. Sebagai contoh, bayi dengan temperamen sulit bisa menangis dengan mudah dan mungkin menjadi tantangan untuk menghibur.Sebaliknya, bayi dengan temperamen mudah bisa tersenyum dan tertawa mudah, dan perlu sedikit menghibur. Perilaku ini secara potensial dapat mempengaruhi lingkungan bayi di bahwa orang tua mungkin menjadi jengkel pada tingkah lakunya, mungkin lebih cenderung mengabaikan bayi, atau mungkin memberikan bayi dengan perhatian tambahan dan waktu bermain.